PHPUnit 6.1 requires PHP 7; using the latest version of PHP is highly recommended.

PHPUnit requires the dom and json extensions, which are normally enabled by default.

PHPUnit also requires the pcre, reflection, and spl extensions. These standard extensions are enabled by default and cannot be disabled without patching PHP's build system and/or C sources.

The code coverage report feature requires the Xdebug (2.5.0 or later) and tokenizer extensions. Generating XML reports requires the xmlwriter extension.

The easiest way to obtain PHPUnit is to download a PHP Archive (PHAR) that has all required (as well as some optional) dependencies of PHPUnit bundled in a single file.

The phar extension is required for using PHP Archives (PHAR).

If the Suhosin extension is enabled, you need to allow execution of PHARs in your php.ini:

suhosin.executor.include.whitelist = phar

To globally install the PHAR:

$ wget https://phar.phpunit.de/phpunit-6.1.phar
$ chmod +x phpunit-6.1.phar
$ sudo mv phpunit-6.1.phar /usr/local/bin/phpunit
$ phpunit --version
PHPUnit x.y.z by Sebastian Bergmann and contributors.

You may also use the downloaded PHAR file directly:

$ wget https://phar.phpunit.de/phpunit-6.1.phar
$ php phpunit-6.1.phar --version
PHPUnit x.y.z by Sebastian Bergmann and contributors.

wget https://phar.phpunit.de/phpunit.phar
wget https://phar.phpunit.de/phpunit.phar.asc

gpg phpunit.phar.asc
gpg: Signature made Sat 19 Jul 2014 01:28:02 PM CEST using RSA key ID 6372C20A
gpg: Can't check signature: public key not found

gpg --keyserver pgp.uni-mainz.de --recv-keys 0x4AA394086372C20A
gpg: requesting key 6372C20A from hkp server pgp.uni-mainz.de
gpg: key 6372C20A: public key "Sebastian Bergmann <sb@sebastian-bergmann.de>" imported
gpg: Total number processed: 1
gpg:               imported: 1  (RSA: 1)

gpg phpunit.phar.asc
gpg: Signature made Sat 19 Jul 2014 01:28:02 PM CEST using RSA key ID 6372C20A
gpg: Good signature from "Sebastian Bergmann <sb@sebastian-bergmann.de>"
gpg:                 aka "Sebastian Bergmann <sebastian@php.net>"
gpg:                 aka "Sebastian Bergmann <sebastian@thephp.cc>"
gpg:                 aka "Sebastian Bergmann <sebastian@phpunit.de>"
gpg:                 aka "Sebastian Bergmann <sebastian.bergmann@thephp.cc>"
gpg:                 aka "[jpeg image of size 40635]"
gpg: WARNING: This key is not certified with a trusted signature!
gpg:          There is no indication that the signature belongs to the owner.
Primary key fingerprint: D840 6D0D 8294 7747 2937  7831 4AA3 9408 6372 C20A

#!/usr/bin/env bash
clean=1 # Delete phpunit.phar after the tests are complete?
aftercmd="php phpunit.phar --bootstrap bootstrap.php src/tests"
gpg --fingerprint D8406D0D82947747293778314AA394086372C20A
if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
    echo -e "\033[33mDownloading PGP Public Key...\033[0m"
    gpg --recv-keys D8406D0D82947747293778314AA394086372C20A
    # Sebastian Bergmann <sb@sebastian-bergmann.de>
    gpg --fingerprint D8406D0D82947747293778314AA394086372C20A
    if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
        echo -e "\033[31mCould not download PGP public key for verification\033[0m"
        exit
    fi
fi

if [ "$clean" -eq 1 ]; then
    # Let's clean them up, if they exist
    if [ -f phpunit.phar ]; then
        rm -f phpunit.phar
    fi
    if [ -f phpunit.phar.asc ]; then
        rm -f phpunit.phar.asc
    fi
fi

# Let's grab the latest release and its signature
if [ ! -f phpunit.phar ]; then
    wget https://phar.phpunit.de/phpunit.phar
fi
if [ ! -f phpunit.phar.asc ]; then
    wget https://phar.phpunit.de/phpunit.phar.asc
fi

# Verify before running
gpg --verify phpunit.phar.asc phpunit.phar
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
    echo
    echo -e "\033[33mBegin Unit Testing\033[0m"
    # Run the testing suite
    `$after_cmd`
    # Cleanup
    if [ "$clean" -eq 1 ]; then
        echo -e "\033[32mCleaning Up!\033[0m"
        rm -f phpunit.phar
        rm -f phpunit.phar.asc
    fi
else
    echo
    chmod -x phpunit.phar
    mv phpunit.phar /tmp/bad-phpunit.phar
    mv phpunit.phar.asc /tmp/bad-phpunit.phar.asc
    echo -e "\033[31mSignature did not match! PHPUnit has been moved to /tmp/bad-phpunit.phar\033[0m"
    exit 1
fi
      

Simply add a (development-time) dependency on phpunit/phpunit to your project's composer.json file if you use Composer to manage the dependencies of your project:

composer require --dev phpunit/phpunit ^6.1

The following optional packages are available:

PHPUnit supports the declaration of explicit dependencies between test methods. Such dependencies do not define the order in which the test methods are to be executed but they allow the returning of an instance of the test fixture by a producer and passing it to the dependent consumers.

Example 2.2 shows how to use the @depends annotation to express dependencies between test methods.

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class StackTest extends TestCase
{
    public function testEmpty()
    {
        $stack = [];
        $this->assertEmpty($stack);

        return $stack;
    }

    /**
     * @depends testEmpty
     */
    public function testPush(array $stack)
    {
        array_push($stack, 'foo');
        $this->assertEquals('foo', $stack[count($stack)-1]);
        $this->assertNotEmpty($stack);

        return $stack;
    }

    /**
     * @depends testPush
     */
    public function testPop(array $stack)
    {
        $this->assertEquals('foo', array_pop($stack));
        $this->assertEmpty($stack);
    }
}
?>

In the example above, the first test, testEmpty(), creates a new array and asserts that it is empty. The test then returns the fixture as its result. The second test, testPush(), depends on testEmpty() and is passed the result of that depended-upon test as its argument. Finally, testPop() depends upon testPush().

To quickly localize defects, we want our attention to be focussed on relevant failing tests. This is why PHPUnit skips the execution of a test when a depended-upon test has failed. This improves defect localization by exploiting the dependencies between tests as shown in Example 2.3.

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class DependencyFailureTest extends TestCase
{
    public function testOne()
    {
        $this->assertTrue(false);
    }

    /**
     * @depends testOne
     */
    public function testTwo()
    {
    }
}
?>

phpunit --verbose DependencyFailureTest
PHPUnit 6.1.0 by Sebastian Bergmann and contributors.

FS

Time: 0 seconds, Memory: 5.00Mb

There was 1 failure:

1) DependencyFailureTest::testOne
Failed asserting that false is true.

/home/sb/DependencyFailureTest.php:6

There was 1 skipped test:

1) DependencyFailureTest::testTwo
This test depends on "DependencyFailureTest::testOne" to pass.


FAILURES!
Tests: 1, Assertions: 1, Failures: 1, Skipped: 1.

A test may have more than one @depends annotation. PHPUnit does not change the order in which tests are executed, you have to ensure that the dependencies of a test can actually be met before the test is run.

A test that has more than one @depends annotation will get a fixture from the first producer as the first argument, a fixture from the second producer as the second argument, and so on. See Example 2.4

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class MultipleDependenciesTest extends TestCase
{
    public function testProducerFirst()
    {
        $this->assertTrue(true);
        return 'first';
    }

    public function testProducerSecond()
    {
        $this->assertTrue(true);
        return 'second';
    }

    /**
     * @depends testProducerFirst
     * @depends testProducerSecond
     */
    public function testConsumer()
    {
        $this->assertEquals(
            ['first', 'second'],
            func_get_args()
        );
    }
}
?>

phpunit --verbose MultipleDependenciesTest
PHPUnit 6.1.0 by Sebastian Bergmann and contributors.

...

Time: 0 seconds, Memory: 3.25Mb

OK (3 tests, 3 assertions)

A test method can accept arbitrary arguments. These arguments are to be provided by a data provider method (additionProvider() in Example 2.5). The data provider method to be used is specified using the @dataProvider annotation.

A data provider method must be public and either return an array of arrays or an object that implements the Iterator interface and yields an array for each iteration step. For each array that is part of the collection the test method will be called with the contents of the array as its arguments.

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class DataTest extends TestCase
{
    /**
     * @dataProvider additionProvider
     */
    public function testAdd($a, $b, $expected)
    {
        $this->assertEquals($expected, $a + $b);
    }

    public function additionProvider()
    {
        return [
            [0, 0, 0],
            [0, 1, 1],
            [1, 0, 1],
            [1, 1, 3]
        ];
    }
}
?>

phpunit DataTest
PHPUnit 6.1.0 by Sebastian Bergmann and contributors.

...F

Time: 0 seconds, Memory: 5.75Mb

There was 1 failure:

1) DataTest::testAdd with data set #3 (1, 1, 3)
Failed asserting that 2 matches expected 3.

/home/sb/DataTest.php:9

FAILURES!
Tests: 4, Assertions: 4, Failures: 1.

When using a large number of datasets it's useful to name each one with string key instead of default numeric. Output will be more verbose as it'll contain that name of a dataset that breaks a test.

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class DataTest extends TestCase
{
    /**
     * @dataProvider additionProvider
     */
    public function testAdd($a, $b, $expected)
    {
        $this->assertEquals($expected, $a + $b);
    }

    public function additionProvider()
    {
        return [
            'adding zeros'  => [0, 0, 0],
            'zero plus one' => [0, 1, 1],
            'one plus zero' => [1, 0, 1],
            'one plus one'  => [1, 1, 3]
        ];
    }
}
?>

phpunit DataTest
PHPUnit 6.1.0 by Sebastian Bergmann and contributors.

...F

Time: 0 seconds, Memory: 5.75Mb

There was 1 failure:

1) DataTest::testAdd with data set "one plus one" (1, 1, 3)
Failed asserting that 2 matches expected 3.

/home/sb/DataTest.php:9

FAILURES!
Tests: 4, Assertions: 4, Failures: 1.

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

require 'CsvFileIterator.php';

class DataTest extends TestCase
{
    /**
     * @dataProvider additionProvider
     */
    public function testAdd($a, $b, $expected)
    {
        $this->assertEquals($expected, $a + $b);
    }

    public function additionProvider()
    {
        return new CsvFileIterator('data.csv');
    }
}
?>

phpunit DataTest
PHPUnit 6.1.0 by Sebastian Bergmann and contributors.

...F

Time: 0 seconds, Memory: 5.75Mb

There was 1 failure:

1) DataTest::testAdd with data set #3 ('1', '1', '3')
Failed asserting that 2 matches expected '3'.

/home/sb/DataTest.php:11

FAILURES!
Tests: 4, Assertions: 4, Failures: 1.

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class CsvFileIterator implements Iterator {
    protected $file;
    protected $key = 0;
    protected $current;

    public function __construct($file) {
        $this->file = fopen($file, 'r');
    }

    public function __destruct() {
        fclose($this->file);
    }

    public function rewind() {
        rewind($this->file);
        $this->current = fgetcsv($this->file);
        $this->key = 0;
    }

    public function valid() {
        return !feof($this->file);
    }

    public function key() {
        return $this->key;
    }

    public function current() {
        return $this->current;
    }

    public function next() {
        $this->current = fgetcsv($this->file);
        $this->key++;
    }
}
?>

When a test receives input from both a @dataProvider method and from one or more tests it @depends on, the arguments from the data provider will come before the ones from depended-upon tests. The arguments from depended-upon tests will be the same for each data set. See Example 2.9

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class DependencyAndDataProviderComboTest extends TestCase
{
    public function provider()
    {
        return [['provider1'], ['provider2']];
    }

    public function testProducerFirst()
    {
        $this->assertTrue(true);
        return 'first';
    }

    public function testProducerSecond()
    {
        $this->assertTrue(true);
        return 'second';
    }

    /**
     * @depends testProducerFirst
     * @depends testProducerSecond
     * @dataProvider provider
     */
    public function testConsumer()
    {
        $this->assertEquals(
            ['provider1', 'first', 'second'],
            func_get_args()
        );
    }
}
?>

phpunit --verbose DependencyAndDataProviderComboTest
PHPUnit 6.1.0 by Sebastian Bergmann and contributors.

...F

Time: 0 seconds, Memory: 3.50Mb

There was 1 failure:

1) DependencyAndDataProviderComboTest::testConsumer with data set #1 ('provider2')
Failed asserting that two arrays are equal.
--- Expected
+++ Actual
@@ @@
Array (
-    0 => 'provider1'
+    0 => 'provider2'
1 => 'first'
2 => 'second'
)

/home/sb/DependencyAndDataProviderComboTest.php:31

FAILURES!
Tests: 4, Assertions: 4, Failures: 1.

Example 2.10 shows how to use the expectException() method to test whether an exception is thrown by the code under test.

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class ExceptionTest extends TestCase
{
    public function testException()
    {
        $this->expectException(InvalidArgumentException::class);
    }
}
?>

phpunit ExceptionTest
PHPUnit 6.1.0 by Sebastian Bergmann and contributors.

F

Time: 0 seconds, Memory: 4.75Mb

There was 1 failure:

1) ExceptionTest::testException
Expected exception InvalidArgumentException

FAILURES!
Tests: 1, Assertions: 1, Failures: 1.

In addition to the expectException() method the expectExceptionCode(), expectExceptionMessage(), and expectExceptionMessageRegExp() methods exist to set up expectations for exceptions raised by the code under test.

Alternatively, you can use the @expectedException, @expectedExceptionCode, @expectedExceptionMessage, and @expectedExceptionMessageRegExp annotations to set up expectations for exceptions raised by the code under test. Example 2.11 shows an example.

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class ExceptionTest extends TestCase
{
    /**
     * @expectedException InvalidArgumentException
     */
    public function testException()
    {
    }
}
?>

phpunit ExceptionTest
PHPUnit 6.1.0 by Sebastian Bergmann and contributors.

F

Time: 0 seconds, Memory: 4.75Mb

There was 1 failure:

1) ExceptionTest::testException
Expected exception InvalidArgumentException

FAILURES!
Tests: 1, Assertions: 1, Failures: 1.

By default, PHPUnit converts PHP errors, warnings, and notices that are triggered during the execution of a test to an exception. Using these exceptions, you can, for instance, expect a test to trigger a PHP error as shown in Example 2.12.

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class ExpectedErrorTest extends TestCase
{
    /**
     * @expectedException PHPUnit_Framework_Error
     */
    public function testFailingInclude()
    {
        include 'not_existing_file.php';
    }
}
?>

phpunit -d error_reporting=2 ExpectedErrorTest
PHPUnit 6.1.0 by Sebastian Bergmann and contributors.

.

Time: 0 seconds, Memory: 5.25Mb

OK (1 test, 1 assertion)

PHPUnit_Framework_Error_Notice and PHPUnit_Framework_Error_Warning represent PHP notices and warnings, respectively.

When testing that relies on php functions that trigger errors like fopen it can sometimes be useful to use error suppression while testing. This allows you to check the return values by suppressing notices that would lead to a phpunit PHPUnit_Framework_Error_Notice.

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class ErrorSuppressionTest extends TestCase
{
    public function testFileWriting() {
        $writer = new FileWriter;
        $this->assertFalse(@$writer->write('/is-not-writeable/file', 'stuff'));
    }
}
class FileWriter
{
    public function write($file, $content) {
        $file = fopen($file, 'w');
        if($file == false) {
            return false;
        }
        // ...
    }
}

?>

phpunit ErrorSuppressionTest
PHPUnit 6.1.0 by Sebastian Bergmann and contributors.

.

Time: 1 seconds, Memory: 5.25Mb

OK (1 test, 1 assertion)

Without the error suppression the test would fail reporting fopen(/is-not-writeable/file): failed to open stream: No such file or directory.

Sometimes you want to assert that the execution of a method, for instance, generates an expected output (via echo or print, for example). The PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase class uses PHP's Output Buffering feature to provide the functionality that is necessary for this.

Example 2.14 shows how to use the expectOutputString() method to set the expected output. If this expected output is not generated, the test will be counted as a failure.

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class OutputTest extends TestCase
{
    public function testExpectFooActualFoo()
    {
        $this->expectOutputString('foo');
        print 'foo';
    }

    public function testExpectBarActualBaz()
    {
        $this->expectOutputString('bar');
        print 'baz';
    }
}
?>

phpunit OutputTest
PHPUnit 6.1.0 by Sebastian Bergmann and contributors.

.F

Time: 0 seconds, Memory: 5.75Mb

There was 1 failure:

1) OutputTest::testExpectBarActualBaz
Failed asserting that two strings are equal.
--- Expected
+++ Actual
@@ @@
-'bar'
+'baz'


FAILURES!
Tests: 2, Assertions: 2, Failures: 1.

Table 2.1 shows the methods provided for testing output

Whenever a test fails PHPUnit tries its best to provide you with as much context as possible that can help to identify the problem.

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class ArrayDiffTest extends TestCase
{
    public function testEquality() {
        $this->assertEquals(
            [1, 2,  3, 4, 5, 6],
            [1, 2, 33, 4, 5, 6]
        );
    }
}
?>

phpunit ArrayDiffTest
PHPUnit 6.1.0 by Sebastian Bergmann and contributors.

F

Time: 0 seconds, Memory: 5.25Mb

There was 1 failure:

1) ArrayDiffTest::testEquality
Failed asserting that two arrays are equal.
--- Expected
+++ Actual
@@ @@
 Array (
     0 => 1
     1 => 2
-    2 => 3
+    2 => 33
     3 => 4
     4 => 5
     5 => 6
 )

/home/sb/ArrayDiffTest.php:7

FAILURES!
Tests: 1, Assertions: 1, Failures: 1.

In this example only one of the array values differs and the other values are shown to provide context on where the error occurred.

When the generated output would be long to read PHPUnit will split it up and provide a few lines of context around every difference.

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class LongArrayDiffTest extends TestCase
{
    public function testEquality() {
        $this->assertEquals(
            [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2,  3, 4, 5, 6],
            [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 33, 4, 5, 6]
        );
    }
}
?>

phpunit LongArrayDiffTest
PHPUnit 6.1.0 by Sebastian Bergmann and contributors.

F

Time: 0 seconds, Memory: 5.25Mb

There was 1 failure:

1) LongArrayDiffTest::testEquality
Failed asserting that two arrays are equal.
--- Expected
+++ Actual
@@ @@
     13 => 2
-    14 => 3
+    14 => 33
     15 => 4
     16 => 5
     17 => 6
 )


/home/sb/LongArrayDiffTest.php:7

FAILURES!
Tests: 1, Assertions: 1, Failures: 1.

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class ArrayWeakComparisonTest extends TestCase
{
    public function testEquality() {
        $this->assertEquals(
            [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6],
            ['1', 2, 33, 4, 5, 6]
        );
    }
}
?>

phpunit ArrayWeakComparisonTest
PHPUnit 6.1.0 by Sebastian Bergmann and contributors.

F

Time: 0 seconds, Memory: 5.25Mb

There was 1 failure:

1) ArrayWeakComparisonTest::testEquality
Failed asserting that two arrays are equal.
--- Expected
+++ Actual
@@ @@
 Array (
-    0 => 1
+    0 => '1'
     1 => 2
-    2 => 3
+    2 => 33
     3 => 4
     4 => 5
     5 => 6
 )


/home/sb/ArrayWeakComparisonTest.php:7

FAILURES!
Tests: 1, Assertions: 1, Failures: 1.

Let's take a look at the command-line test runner's options in the following code:

phpunit --help
PHPUnit 6.1.0 by Sebastian Bergmann and contributors.

Usage: phpunit [options] UnitTest [UnitTest.php]
       phpunit [options] <directory>

Code Coverage Options:

  --coverage-clover <file>    Generate code coverage report in Clover XML format.
  --coverage-crap4j <file>    Generate code coverage report in Crap4J XML format.
  --coverage-html <dir>       Generate code coverage report in HTML format.
  --coverage-php <file>       Export PHP_CodeCoverage object to file.
  --coverage-text=<file>      Generate code coverage report in text format.
                              Default: Standard output.
  --coverage-xml <dir>        Generate code coverage report in PHPUnit XML format.
  --whitelist <dir>           Whitelist <dir> for code coverage analysis.
  --disable-coverage-ignore   Disable annotations for ignoring code coverage.

Logging Options:

  --log-junit <file>          Log test execution in JUnit XML format to file.
  --log-teamcity <file>       Log test execution in TeamCity format to file.
  --testdox-html <file>       Write agile documentation in HTML format to file.
  --testdox-text <file>       Write agile documentation in Text format to file.
  --testdox-xml <file>        Write agile documentation in XML format to file.
  --reverse-list              Print defects in reverse order

Test Selection Options:

  --filter <pattern>          Filter which tests to run.
  --testsuite <name,...>      Filter which testsuite to run.
  --group ...                 Only runs tests from the specified group(s).
  --exclude-group ...         Exclude tests from the specified group(s).
  --list-groups               List available test groups.
  --list-suites               List available test suites.
  --test-suffix ...           Only search for test in files with specified
                              suffix(es). Default: Test.php,.phpt

Test Execution Options:

  --dont-report-useless-tests Do not report tests that do not test anything.
  --strict-coverage           Be strict about @covers annotation usage.
  --strict-global-state       Be strict about changes to global state
  --disallow-test-output      Be strict about output during tests.
  --disallow-resource-usage   Be strict about resource usage during small tests.
  --enforce-time-limit        Enforce time limit based on test size.
  --disallow-todo-tests       Disallow @todo-annotated tests.

  --process-isolation         Run each test in a separate PHP process.
  --globals-backup            Backup and restore $GLOBALS for each test.
  --static-backup             Backup and restore static attributes for each test.

  --colors=<flag>             Use colors in output ("never", "auto" or "always").
  --columns <n>               Number of columns to use for progress output.
  --columns max               Use maximum number of columns for progress output.
  --stderr                    Write to STDERR instead of STDOUT.
  --stop-on-error             Stop execution upon first error.
  --stop-on-failure           Stop execution upon first error or failure.
  --stop-on-warning           Stop execution upon first warning.
  --stop-on-risky             Stop execution upon first risky test.
  --stop-on-skipped           Stop execution upon first skipped test.
  --stop-on-incomplete        Stop execution upon first incomplete test.
  --fail-on-warning           Treat tests with warnings as failures.
  --fail-on-risky             Treat risky tests as failures.
  -v|--verbose                Output more verbose information.
  --debug                     Display debugging information.

  --loader <loader>           TestSuiteLoader implementation to use.
  --repeat <times>            Runs the test(s) repeatedly.
  --teamcity                  Report test execution progress in TeamCity format.
  --testdox                   Report test execution progress in TestDox format.
  --testdox-group             Only include tests from the specified group(s).
  --testdox-exclude-group     Exclude tests from the specified group(s).
  --printer <printer>         TestListener implementation to use.

Configuration Options:

  --bootstrap <file>          A "bootstrap" PHP file that is run before the tests.
  -c|--configuration <file>   Read configuration from XML file.
  --no-configuration          Ignore default configuration file (phpunit.xml).
  --no-coverage               Ignore code coverage configuration.
  --no-extensions             Do not load PHPUnit extensions.
  --include-path <path(s)>    Prepend PHP's include_path with given path(s).
  -d key[=value]              Sets a php.ini value.
  --generate-configuration    Generate configuration file with suggested settings.

Miscellaneous Options:

  -h|--help                   Prints this usage information.
  --version                   Prints the version and exits.
  --atleast-version <min>     Checks that version is greater than min and exits.

setUp() and tearDown() are nicely symmetrical in theory but not in practice. In practice, you only need to implement tearDown() if you have allocated external resources like files or sockets in setUp(). If your setUp() just creates plain PHP objects, you can generally ignore tearDown(). However, if you create many objects in your setUp(), you might want to unset() the variables pointing to those objects in your tearDown() so they can be garbage collected. The garbage collection of test case objects is not predictable.

What happens when you have two tests with slightly different setups? There are two possibilities:

There are few good reasons to share fixtures between tests, but in most cases the need to share a fixture between tests stems from an unresolved design problem.

A good example of a fixture that makes sense to share across several tests is a database connection: you log into the database once and reuse the database connection instead of creating a new connection for each test. This makes your tests run faster.

Example 4.3 uses the setUpBeforeClass() and tearDownAfterClass() template methods to connect to the database before the test case class' first test and to disconnect from the database after the last test of the test case, respectively.

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class DatabaseTest extends TestCase
{
    protected static $dbh;

    public static function setUpBeforeClass()
    {
        self::$dbh = new PDO('sqlite::memory:');
    }

    public static function tearDownAfterClass()
    {
        self::$dbh = null;
    }
}
?>

It cannot be emphasized enough that sharing fixtures between tests reduces the value of the tests. The underlying design problem is that objects are not loosely coupled. You will achieve better results solving the underlying design problem and then writing tests using stubs (see Chapter 9), than by creating dependencies between tests at runtime and ignoring the opportunity to improve your design.

It is hard to test code that uses singletons. The same is true for code that uses global variables. Typically, the code you want to test is coupled strongly with a global variable and you cannot control its creation. An additional problem is the fact that one test's change to a global variable might break another test.

In PHP, global variables work like this:

Besides global variables, static attributes of classes are also part of the global state.

By default, PHPUnit runs your tests in a way where changes to global and super-global variables ($GLOBALS, $_ENV, $_POST, $_GET, $_COOKIE, $_SERVER, $_FILES, $_REQUEST) do not affect other tests. Optionally, this isolation can be extended to static attributes of classes.

The @backupGlobals annotation that is discussed in the section called “@backupGlobals” can be used to control the backup and restore operations for global variables. Alternatively, you can provide a blacklist of global variables that are to be excluded from the backup and restore operations like this

class MyTest extends TestCase
{
    protected $backupGlobalsBlacklist = ['globalVariable'];

    // ...
}

The @backupStaticAttributes annotation discussed in the section called “@backupStaticAttributes” can be used to back up all static property values in all declared classes before each test and restore them afterwards.

It processes all classes that are declared at the time a test starts, not only the test class itself. It only applies to static class properties, not static variables within functions.

You can provide a blacklist of static attributes that are to be excluded from the backup and restore operations:

class MyTest extends TestCase
{
    protected $backupStaticAttributesBlacklist = [
        'className' => ['attributeName']
    ];

    // ...
}

Probably the easiest way to compose a test suite is to keep all test case source files in a test directory. PHPUnit can automatically discover and run the tests by recursively traversing the test directory.

Lets take a look at the test suite of the sebastianbergmann/money library. Looking at this project's directory structure, we see that the test case classes in the tests directory mirror the package and class structure of the System Under Test (SUT) in the src directory:

src                                 tests
`-- Currency.php                    `-- CurrencyTest.php
`-- IntlFormatter.php               `-- IntlFormatterTest.php
`-- Money.php                       `-- MoneyTest.php
`-- autoload.php

To run all tests for the library we just need to point the PHPUnit command-line test runner to the test directory:

phpunit --bootstrap src/autoload.php tests
PHPUnit 6.1.0 by Sebastian Bergmann.

.................................

Time: 636 ms, Memory: 3.50Mb

OK (33 tests, 52 assertions)

To run only the tests that are declared in the CurrencyTest test case class in tests/CurrencyTest.php we can use the following command:

phpunit --bootstrap src/autoload.php tests/CurrencyTest
PHPUnit 6.1.0 by Sebastian Bergmann.

........

Time: 280 ms, Memory: 2.75Mb

OK (8 tests, 8 assertions)

For more fine-grained control of which tests to run we can use the --filter option:

phpunit --bootstrap src/autoload.php --filter testObjectCanBeConstructedForValidConstructorArgument tests
PHPUnit 6.1.0 by Sebastian Bergmann.

..

Time: 167 ms, Memory: 3.00Mb

OK (2 test, 2 assertions)

PHPUnit's XML configuration file (Appendix C) can also be used to compose a test suite. Example 5.1 shows a minimal phpunit.xml file that will add all *Test classes that are found in *Test.php files when the tests directory is recursively traversed.

<phpunit bootstrap="src/autoload.php">
  <testsuites>
    <testsuite name="money">
      <directory>tests</directory>
    </testsuite>
  </testsuites>
</phpunit>

If phpunit.xml or phpunit.xml.dist (in that order) exist in the current working directory and --configuration is not used, the configuration will be automatically read from that file.

The order in which tests are executed can be made explicit:

<phpunit bootstrap="src/autoload.php">
  <testsuites>
    <testsuite name="money">
      <file>tests/IntlFormatterTest.php</file>
      <file>tests/MoneyTest.php</file>
      <file>tests/CurrencyTest.php</file>
    </testsuite>
  </testsuites>
</phpunit>

PHPUnit can be strict about tests that do not test anything. This check can be enabled by using the --report-useless-tests option on the commandline or by setting beStrictAboutTestsThatDoNotTestAnything="true" in PHPUnit's XML configuration file.

A test that does not perform an assertion will be marked as risky when this check is enabled. Expectations on mock objects or annotations such as @expectedException count as an assertion.

PHPUnit can be strict about unintentionally covered code. This check can be enabled by using the --strict-coverage option on the commandline or by setting checkForUnintentionallyCoveredCode="true" in PHPUnit's XML configuration file.

A test that is annotated with @covers and executes code that is not listed using a @covers or @uses annotation will be marked as risky when this check is enabled.

PHPUnit can be strict about output during tests. This check can be enabled by using the --disallow-test-output option on the commandline or by setting beStrictAboutOutputDuringTests="true" in PHPUnit's XML configuration file.

A test that emits output, for instance by invoking print in either the test code or the tested code, will be marked as risky when this check is enabled.

A time limit can be enforced for the execution of a test if the PHP_Invoker package is installed and the pcntl extension is available. The enforcing of this time limit can be enabled by using the --enforce-time-limit option on the commandline or by setting beStrictAboutTestSize="true" in PHPUnit's XML configuration file.

A test annotated with @large will fail if it takes longer than 60 seconds to execute. This timeout is configurable via the timeoutForLargeTests attribute in the XML configuration file.

A test annotated with @medium will fail if it takes longer than 10 seconds to execute. This timeout is configurable via the timeoutForMediumTests attribute in the XML configuration file.

A test that is not annotated with @medium or @large will be treated as if it were annotated with @small. A small test will fail if it takes longer than 1 second to execute. This timeout is configurable via the timeoutForSmallTests attribute in the XML configuration file.

PHPUnit can be strict about tests that manipulate global state. This check can be enabled by using the --strict-global-state option on the commandline or by setting beStrictAboutChangesToGlobalState="true" in PHPUnit's XML configuration file.

When you are working on a new test case class, you might want to begin by writing empty test methods such as:

public function testSomething()
{
}

to keep track of the tests that you have to write. The problem with empty test methods is that they are interpreted as a success by the PHPUnit framework. This misinterpretation leads to the test reports being useless -- you cannot see whether a test is actually successful or just not yet implemented. Calling $this->fail() in the unimplemented test method does not help either, since then the test will be interpreted as a failure. This would be just as wrong as interpreting an unimplemented test as a success.

If we think of a successful test as a green light and a test failure as a red light, we need an additional yellow light to mark a test as being incomplete or not yet implemented. PHPUnit_Framework_IncompleteTest is a marker interface for marking an exception that is raised by a test method as the result of the test being incomplete or currently not implemented. PHPUnit_Framework_IncompleteTestError is the standard implementation of this interface.

Example 7.1 shows a test case class, SampleTest, that contains one test method, testSomething(). By calling the convenience method markTestIncomplete() (which automatically raises an PHPUnit_Framework_IncompleteTestError exception) in the test method, we mark the test as being incomplete.

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class SampleTest extends TestCase
{
    public function testSomething()
    {
        // Optional: Test anything here, if you want.
        $this->assertTrue(true, 'This should already work.');

        // Stop here and mark this test as incomplete.
        $this->markTestIncomplete(
          'This test has not been implemented yet.'
        );
    }
}
?>

An incomplete test is denoted by an I in the output of the PHPUnit command-line test runner, as shown in the following example:

phpunit --verbose SampleTest
PHPUnit 6.1.0 by Sebastian Bergmann and contributors.

I

Time: 0 seconds, Memory: 3.95Mb

There was 1 incomplete test:

1) SampleTest::testSomething
This test has not been implemented yet.

/home/sb/SampleTest.php:12
OK, but incomplete or skipped tests!
Tests: 1, Assertions: 1, Incomplete: 1.

Table 7.1 shows the API for marking tests as incomplete.

Not all tests can be run in every environment. Consider, for instance, a database abstraction layer that has several drivers for the different database systems it supports. The tests for the MySQL driver can of course only be run if a MySQL server is available.

Example 7.2 shows a test case class, DatabaseTest, that contains one test method, testConnection(). In the test case class' setUp() template method we check whether the MySQLi extension is available and use the markTestSkipped() method to skip the test if it is not.

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class DatabaseTest extends TestCase
{
    protected function setUp()
    {
        if (!extension_loaded('mysqli')) {
            $this->markTestSkipped(
              'The MySQLi extension is not available.'
            );
        }
    }

    public function testConnection()
    {
        // ...
    }
}
?>

A test that has been skipped is denoted by an S in the output of the PHPUnit command-line test runner, as shown in the following example:

phpunit --verbose DatabaseTest
PHPUnit 6.1.0 by Sebastian Bergmann and contributors.

S

Time: 0 seconds, Memory: 3.95Mb

There was 1 skipped test:

1) DatabaseTest::testConnection
The MySQLi extension is not available.

/home/sb/DatabaseTest.php:9
OK, but incomplete or skipped tests!
Tests: 1, Assertions: 0, Skipped: 1.

Table 7.2 shows the API for skipping tests.

In addition to the above methods it is also possible to use the @requires annotation to express common preconditions for a test case.

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

/**
 * @requires extension mysqli
 */
class DatabaseTest extends TestCase
{
    /**
     * @requires PHP 5.3
     */
    public function testConnection()
    {
        // Test requires the mysqli extension and PHP >= 5.3
    }

    // ... All other tests require the mysqli extension
}
?>

If you are using syntax that doesn't compile with a certain PHP Version look into the xml configuration for version dependent includes in the section called “Test Suites”

DbUnit currently supports MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle and SQLite. Through Zend Framework or Doctrine 2 integrations it has access to other database systems such as IBM DB2 or Microsoft SQL Server.

There is a good reason why all the examples on unit testing do not include interactions with the database: these kind of tests are both complex to setup and maintain. While testing against your database you need to take care of the following variables:

Because many database APIs such as PDO, MySQLi or OCI8 are cumbersome to use and verbose in writing doing these steps manually is an absolute nightmare.

Test code should be as short and precise as possible for several reasons:

Additionally you have to realize that the database is essentially a global input variable to your code. Two tests in your test suite could run against the same database, possibly reusing data multiple times. Failures in one test can easily affect the result of the following tests making your testing experience very difficult. The previously mentioned cleanup step is of major importance to solve the “database is a global input” problem.

DbUnit helps to simplify all these problems with database testing in an elegant way.

What PHPUnit cannot help you with is the fact that database tests are very slow compared to tests not using the database. Depending on how large the interactions with your database are your tests could run a considerable amount of time. However, if you keep the amount of data used for each test small and try to test as much code using non-database tests you can easily get away in under a minute even for large test suites.

The Doctrine 2 project's test suite, for example, currently has a test suite of about 1000 tests where nearly half of them accesses the database and still runs in 15 seconds against a MySQL database on a standard desktop computer.

In his book on xUnit Test Patterns Gerard Meszaros lists the four stages of a unit-test:

Testing the database requires you to hook into at least the setup and teardown to clean-up and write the required fixture data into your tables. However, the database extension has good reason to revert the four stages in a database test to resemble the following workflow that is executed for each single test:

Usually when using PHPUnit your testcases would extend the PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase class in the following way:

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class MyTest extends TestCase
{
    public function testCalculate()
    {
        $this->assertEquals(2, 1 + 1);
    }
}
?>

If you want to test code that works with the Database Extension the setup is a bit more complex and you have to extend a different abstract TestCase requiring you to implement two abstract methods getConnection() and getDataSet():

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
use PHPUnit\DbUnit\TestCaseTrait;

class MyGuestbookTest extends TestCase
{
    use TestCaseTrait;

    /**
     * @return PHPUnit_Extensions_Database_DB_IDatabaseConnection
     */
    public function getConnection()
    {
        $pdo = new PDO('sqlite::memory:');
        return $this->createDefaultDBConnection($pdo, ':memory:');
    }

    /**
     * @return PHPUnit_Extensions_Database_DataSet_IDataSet
     */
    public function getDataSet()
    {
        return $this->createFlatXMLDataSet(dirname(__FILE__).'/_files/guestbook-seed.xml');
    }
}
?>

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
use PHPUnit\DbUnit\TestCaseTrait;

abstract class MyApp_Tests_DatabaseTestCase extends TestCase
{
    use TestCaseTrait;

    // only instantiate pdo once for test clean-up/fixture load
    static private $pdo = null;

    // only instantiate PHPUnit_Extensions_Database_DB_IDatabaseConnection once per test
    private $conn = null;

    final public function getConnection()
    {
        if ($this->conn === null) {
            if (self::$pdo == null) {
                self::$pdo = new PDO('sqlite::memory:');
            }
            $this->conn = $this->createDefaultDBConnection(self::$pdo, ':memory:');
        }

        return $this->conn;
    }
}
?>

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<phpunit>
    <php>
        <var name="DB_DSN" value="mysql:dbname=myguestbook;host=localhost" />
        <var name="DB_USER" value="user" />
        <var name="DB_PASSWD" value="passwd" />
        <var name="DB_DBNAME" value="myguestbook" />
    </php>
</phpunit>

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
use PHPUnit\DbUnit\TestCaseTrait;

abstract class Generic_Tests_DatabaseTestCase extends TestCase
{
    use TestCaseTrait;

    // only instantiate pdo once for test clean-up/fixture load
    static private $pdo = null;

    // only instantiate PHPUnit_Extensions_Database_DB_IDatabaseConnection once per test
    private $conn = null;

    final public function getConnection()
    {
        if ($this->conn === null) {
            if (self::$pdo == null) {
                self::$pdo = new PDO( $GLOBALS['DB_DSN'], $GLOBALS['DB_USER'], $GLOBALS['DB_PASSWD'] );
            }
            $this->conn = $this->createDefaultDBConnection(self::$pdo, $GLOBALS['DB_DBNAME']);
        }

        return $this->conn;
    }
}
?>

user@desktop> phpunit --configuration developer-a.xml MyTests/
user@desktop> phpunit --configuration developer-b.xml MyTests/

A central concept of PHPUnit's Database Extension are DataSets and DataTables. You should try to understand this simple concept to master database testing with PHPUnit. The DataSet and DataTable are an abstraction layer around your database tables, rows and columns. A simple API hides the underlying database contents in an object structure, which can also be implemented by other non-database sources.

This abstraction is necessary to compare the actual contents of a database against the expected contents. Expectations can be represented as XML, YAML, CSV files or PHP array for example. The DataSet and DataTable interfaces enable the comparison of these conceptually different sources, emulating relational database storage in a semantically similar approach.

A workflow for database assertions in your tests then consists of three simple steps:

Assertions are not the only use-case for the DataSet and DataTable in PHPUnit's Database Extension. As shown in the previous section they also describe the initial contents of a database. You are forced to define a fixture dataset by the Database TestCase, which is then used to:

<?xml version="1.0" ?>
<dataset>
    <guestbook id="1" content="Hello buddy!" user="joe" created="2010-04-24 17:15:23" />
    <guestbook id="2" content="I like it!" user="nancy" created="2010-04-26 12:14:20" />
</dataset>

<?xml version="1.0" ?>
<dataset>
    <guestbook />
</dataset>

<?xml version="1.0" ?>
<dataset>
    <guestbook id="1" content="Hello buddy!" user="joe" created="2010-04-24 17:15:23" />
    <guestbook id="2" content="I like it!" created="2010-04-26 12:14:20" />
</dataset>

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
use PHPUnit\DbUnit\TestCaseTrait;

class MyTestCase extends TestCase
{
    use TestCaseTrait;

    public function getDataSet()
    {
        return $this->createFlatXmlDataSet('myFlatXmlFixture.xml');
    }
}
?>

<?xml version="1.0" ?>
<dataset>
    <table name="guestbook">
        <column>id</column>
        <column>content</column>
        <column>user</column>
        <column>created</column>
        <row>
            <value>1</value>
            <value>Hello buddy!</value>
            <value>joe</value>
            <value>2010-04-24 17:15:23</value>
        </row>
        <row>
            <value>2</value>
            <value>I like it!</value>
            <null />
            <value>2010-04-26 12:14:20</value>
        </row>
    </table>
</dataset>

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
use PHPUnit\DbUnit\TestCaseTrait;

class MyTestCase extends TestCase
{
    use TestCaseTrait;

    public function getDataSet()
    {
        return $this->createXMLDataSet('myXmlFixture.xml');
    }
}
?>

mysqldump --xml -t -u [username] --password=[password] [database] > /path/to/file.xml

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
use PHPUnit\DbUnit\TestCaseTrait;

class MyTestCase extends TestCase
{
    use TestCaseTrait;

    public function getDataSet()
    {
        return $this->createMySQLXMLDataSet('/path/to/file.xml');
    }
}
?>

guestbook:
  -
    id: 1
    content: "Hello buddy!"
    user: "joe"
    created: 2010-04-24 17:15:23
  -
    id: 2
    content: "I like it!"
    user:
    created: 2010-04-26 12:14:20

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
use PHPUnit\DbUnit\TestCaseTrait;
use PHPUnit\DbUnit\DataSet\YamlDataSet;

class YamlGuestbookTest extends TestCase
{
    use TestCaseTrait;

    protected function getDataSet()
    {
        return new YamlDataSet(dirname(__FILE__)."/_files/guestbook.yml");
    }
}
?>

id,content,user,created
1,"Hello buddy!","joe","2010-04-24 17:15:23"
2,"I like it!","nancy","2010-04-26 12:14:20"

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
use PHPUnit\DbUnit\TestCaseTrait;
use PHPUnit\DbUnit\DataSet\CsvDataSet;

class CsvGuestbookTest extends TestCase
{
    use TestCaseTrait;

    protected function getDataSet()
    {
        $dataSet = new CsvDataSet();
        $dataSet->addTable('guestbook', dirname(__FILE__)."/_files/guestbook.csv");
        return $dataSet;
    }
}
?>

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
use PHPUnit\DbUnit\TestCaseTrait;

class ArrayGuestbookTest extends TestCase
{
    use TestCaseTrait;

    protected function getDataSet()
    {
        return new MyApp_DbUnit_ArrayDataSet(
            [
                'guestbook' => [
                    [
                        'id' => 1,
                        'content' => 'Hello buddy!',
                        'user' => 'joe',
                        'created' => '2010-04-24 17:15:23'
                    ],
                    [
                        'id' => 2,
                        'content' => 'I like it!',
                        'user' => null,
                        'created' => '2010-04-26 12:14:20'
                    ],
                ],
            ]
        );
    }
}
?>

<?php
class MyApp_DbUnit_ArrayDataSet extends PHPUnit_Extensions_Database_DataSet_AbstractDataSet
{
    /**
     * @var array
     */
    protected $tables = [];

    /**
     * @param array $data
     */
    public function __construct(array $data)
    {
        foreach ($data AS $tableName => $rows) {
            $columns = [];
            if (isset($rows[0])) {
                $columns = array_keys($rows[0]);
            }

            $metaData = new PHPUnit_Extensions_Database_DataSet_DefaultTableMetaData($tableName, $columns);
            $table = new PHPUnit_Extensions_Database_DataSet_DefaultTable($metaData);

            foreach ($rows AS $row) {
                $table->addRow($row);
            }
            $this->tables[$tableName] = $table;
        }
    }

    protected function createIterator($reverse = false)
    {
        return new PHPUnit_Extensions_Database_DataSet_DefaultTableIterator($this->tables, $reverse);
    }

    public function getTable($tableName)
    {
        if (!isset($this->tables[$tableName])) {
            throw new InvalidArgumentException("$tableName is not a table in the current database.");
        }

        return $this->tables[$tableName];
    }
}
?>

<?php
$ds = new PHPUnit_Extensions_Database_DataSet_QueryDataSet($this->getConnection());
$ds->addTable('guestbook');
?>

<?php
$ds = new PHPUnit_Extensions_Database_DataSet_QueryDataSet($this->getConnection());
$ds->addTable('guestbook', 'SELECT * FROM guestbook');
?>

<?php
$ds = new PHPUnit_Extensions_Database_DataSet_QueryDataSet($this->getConnection());
$ds->addTable('guestbook', 'SELECT id, content FROM guestbook ORDER BY created DESC');
?>

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
use PHPUnit\DbUnit\TestCaseTrait;

class MySqlGuestbookTest extends TestCase
{
    use TestCaseTrait;

    /**
     * @return PHPUnit_Extensions_Database_DB_IDatabaseConnection
     */
    public function getConnection()
    {
        $database = 'my_database';
        $user = 'my_user';
        $password = 'my_password';
        $pdo = new PDO('mysql:...', $user, $password);
        return $this->createDefaultDBConnection($pdo, $database);
    }

    public function testGuestbook()
    {
        $dataSet = $this->getConnection()->createDataSet();
        // ...
    }

    public function testFilteredGuestbook()
    {
        $tableNames = ['guestbook'];
        $dataSet = $this->getConnection()->createDataSet($tableNames);
        // ...
    }
}
?>

<?xml version="1.0" ?>
<dataset>
    <guestbook id="1" content="Hello buddy!" user="joe" created="2010-04-24 17:15:23" />
    <guestbook id="2" content="I like it!" user="##NULL##" created="2010-04-26 12:14:20" />
</dataset>

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
use PHPUnit\DbUnit\TestCaseTrait;

class ReplacementTest extends TestCase
{
    use TestCaseTrait;

    public function getDataSet()
    {
        $ds = $this->createFlatXmlDataSet('myFlatXmlFixture.xml');
        $rds = new PHPUnit_Extensions_Database_DataSet_ReplacementDataSet($ds);
        $rds->addFullReplacement('##NULL##', null);
        return $rds;
    }
}
?>

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
use PHPUnit\DbUnit\TestCaseTrait;

class DataSetFilterTest extends TestCase
{
    use TestCaseTrait;

    public function testIncludeFilteredGuestbook()
    {
        $tableNames = ['guestbook'];
        $dataSet = $this->getConnection()->createDataSet();

        $filterDataSet = new PHPUnit_Extensions_Database_DataSet_DataSetFilter($dataSet);
        $filterDataSet->addIncludeTables(['guestbook']);
        $filterDataSet->setIncludeColumnsForTable('guestbook', ['id', 'content']);
        // ..
    }

    public function testExcludeFilteredGuestbook()
    {
        $tableNames = ['guestbook'];
        $dataSet = $this->getConnection()->createDataSet();

        $filterDataSet = new PHPUnit_Extensions_Database_DataSet_DataSetFilter($dataSet);
        $filterDataSet->addExcludeTables(['foo', 'bar', 'baz']); // only keep the guestbook table!
        $filterDataSet->setExcludeColumnsForTable('guestbook', ['user', 'created']);
        // ..
    }
}
?>

<?xml version="1.0" ?>
<dataset>
    <guestbook id="1" content="Hello buddy!" user="joe" created="2010-04-24 17:15:23" />
</dataset>

<?xml version="1.0" ?>
<dataset>
    <guestbook id="2" content="I like it!" user="##NULL##" created="2010-04-26 12:14:20" />
</dataset>

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
use PHPUnit\DbUnit\TestCaseTrait;

class CompositeTest extends TestCase
{
    use TestCaseTrait;

    public function getDataSet()
    {
        $ds1 = $this->createFlatXmlDataSet('fixture1.xml');
        $ds2 = $this->createFlatXmlDataSet('fixture2.xml');

        $compositeDs = new PHPUnit_Extensions_Database_DataSet_CompositeDataSet();
        $compositeDs->addDataSet($ds1);
        $compositeDs->addDataSet($ds2);

        return $compositeDs;
    }
}
?>

<?php
interface PHPUnit_Extensions_Database_DataSet_IDataSet extends IteratorAggregate
{
    public function getTableNames();
    public function getTableMetaData($tableName);
    public function getTable($tableName);
    public function assertEquals(PHPUnit_Extensions_Database_DataSet_IDataSet $other);

    public function getReverseIterator();
}
?>

<?php
interface PHPUnit_Extensions_Database_DataSet_ITable
{
    public function getTableMetaData();
    public function getRowCount();
    public function getValue($row, $column);
    public function getRow($row);
    public function assertEquals(PHPUnit_Extensions_Database_DataSet_ITable $other);
}
?>

There are three interesting methods on the Connection interface which has to be returned from the getConnection() method on the Database TestCase:

<?php
interface PHPUnit_Extensions_Database_DB_IDatabaseConnection
{
    public function createDataSet(Array $tableNames = NULL);
    public function createQueryTable($resultName, $sql);
    public function getRowCount($tableName, $whereClause = NULL);

    // ...
}
?>

For a testing tool the Database Extension surely provides some assertions that you can use to verify the current state of the database, tables and the row-count of tables. This section describes this functionality in detail:

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
use PHPUnit\DbUnit\TestCaseTrait;

class GuestbookTest extends TestCase
{
    use TestCaseTrait;

    public function testAddEntry()
    {
        $this->assertEquals(2, $this->getConnection()->getRowCount('guestbook'), "Pre-Condition");

        $guestbook = new Guestbook();
        $guestbook->addEntry("suzy", "Hello world!");

        $this->assertEquals(3, $this->getConnection()->getRowCount('guestbook'), "Inserting failed");
    }
}
?>

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
use PHPUnit\DbUnit\TestCaseTrait;

class GuestbookTest extends TestCase
{
    use TestCaseTrait;

    public function testAddEntry()
    {
        $guestbook = new Guestbook();
        $guestbook->addEntry("suzy", "Hello world!");

        $queryTable = $this->getConnection()->createQueryTable(
            'guestbook', 'SELECT * FROM guestbook'
        );
        $expectedTable = $this->createFlatXmlDataSet("expectedBook.xml")
                              ->getTable("guestbook");
        $this->assertTablesEqual($expectedTable, $queryTable);
    }
}
?>

<?xml version="1.0" ?>
<dataset>
    <guestbook id="1" content="Hello buddy!" user="joe" created="2010-04-24 17:15:23" />
    <guestbook id="2" content="I like it!" user="nancy" created="2010-04-26 12:14:20" />
    <guestbook id="3" content="Hello world!" user="suzy" created="2010-05-01 21:47:08" />
</dataset>

<?xml version="1.0" ?>
<dataset>
    <guestbook id="1" content="Hello buddy!" user="joe" />
    <guestbook id="2" content="I like it!" user="nancy" />
    <guestbook id="3" content="Hello world!" user="suzy" />
</dataset>

<?php
$queryTable = $this->getConnection()->createQueryTable(
    'guestbook', 'SELECT id, content, user FROM guestbook'
);
?>

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
use PHPUnit\DbUnit\TestCaseTrait;

class ComplexQueryTest extends TestCase
{
    use TestCaseTrait;

    public function testComplexQuery()
    {
        $queryTable = $this->getConnection()->createQueryTable(
            'myComplexQuery', 'SELECT complexQuery...'
        );
        $expectedTable = $this->createFlatXmlDataSet("complexQueryAssertion.xml")
                              ->getTable("myComplexQuery");
        $this->assertTablesEqual($expectedTable, $queryTable);
    }
}
?>

The practice of replacing an object with a test double that (optionally) returns configured return values is referred to as stubbing. You can use a stub to "replace a real component on which the SUT depends so that the test has a control point for the indirect inputs of the SUT. This allows the test to force the SUT down paths it might not otherwise execute".

Example 9.2 shows how to stub method calls and set up return values. We first use the createMock() method that is provided by the PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase class to set up a stub object that looks like an object of SomeClass (Example 9.1). We then use the Fluent Interface that PHPUnit provides to specify the behavior for the stub. In essence, this means that you do not need to create several temporary objects and wire them together afterwards. Instead, you chain method calls as shown in the example. This leads to more readable and "fluent" code.

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class SomeClass
{
    public function doSomething()
    {
        // Do something.
    }
}
?>

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class StubTest extends TestCase
{
    public function testStub()
    {
        // Create a stub for the SomeClass class.
        $stub = $this->createMock(SomeClass::class);

        // Configure the stub.
        $stub->method('doSomething')
             ->willReturn('foo');

        // Calling $stub->doSomething() will now return
        // 'foo'.
        $this->assertEquals('foo', $stub->doSomething());
    }
}
?>

"Behind the scenes", PHPUnit automatically generates a new PHP class that implements the desired behavior when the createMock() method is used.

Example 9.3 shows an example of how to use the Mock Builder's fluent interface to configure the creation of the test double. The configuration of this test double uses the same best practice defaults used by createMock().

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class StubTest extends TestCase
{
    public function testStub()
    {
        // Create a stub for the SomeClass class.
        $stub = $this->getMockBuilder($originalClassName)
                     ->disableOriginalConstructor()
                     ->disableOriginalClone()
                     ->disableArgumentCloning()
                     ->disallowMockingUnknownTypes()
                     ->getMock();

        // Configure the stub.
        $stub->method('doSomething')
             ->willReturn('foo');

        // Calling $stub->doSomething() will now return
        // 'foo'.
        $this->assertEquals('foo', $stub->doSomething());
    }
}
?>

In the examples so far we have been returning simple values using willReturn($value). This short syntax is the same as will($this->returnValue($value)). We can use variations on this longer syntax to achieve more complex stubbing behaviour.

Sometimes you want to return one of the arguments of a method call (unchanged) as the result of a stubbed method call. Example 9.4 shows how you can achieve this using returnArgument() instead of returnValue().

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class StubTest extends TestCase
{
    public function testReturnArgumentStub()
    {
        // Create a stub for the SomeClass class.
        $stub = $this->createMock(SomeClass::class);

        // Configure the stub.
        $stub->method('doSomething')
             ->will($this->returnArgument(0));

        // $stub->doSomething('foo') returns 'foo'
        $this->assertEquals('foo', $stub->doSomething('foo'));

        // $stub->doSomething('bar') returns 'bar'
        $this->assertEquals('bar', $stub->doSomething('bar'));
    }
}
?>

When testing a fluent interface, it is sometimes useful to have a stubbed method return a reference to the stubbed object. Example 9.5 shows how you can use returnSelf() to achieve this.

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class StubTest extends TestCase
{
    public function testReturnSelf()
    {
        // Create a stub for the SomeClass class.
        $stub = $this->createMock(SomeClass::class);

        // Configure the stub.
        $stub->method('doSomething')
             ->will($this->returnSelf());

        // $stub->doSomething() returns $stub
        $this->assertSame($stub, $stub->doSomething());
    }
}
?>

Sometimes a stubbed method should return different values depending on a predefined list of arguments. You can use returnValueMap() to create a map that associates arguments with corresponding return values. See Example 9.6 for an example.

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class StubTest extends TestCase
{
    public function testReturnValueMapStub()
    {
        // Create a stub for the SomeClass class.
        $stub = $this->createMock(SomeClass::class);

        // Create a map of arguments to return values.
        $map = [
            ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'],
            ['e', 'f', 'g', 'h']
        ];

        // Configure the stub.
        $stub->method('doSomething')
             ->will($this->returnValueMap($map));

        // $stub->doSomething() returns different values depending on
        // the provided arguments.
        $this->assertEquals('d', $stub->doSomething('a', 'b', 'c'));
        $this->assertEquals('h', $stub->doSomething('e', 'f', 'g'));
    }
}
?>

When the stubbed method call should return a calculated value instead of a fixed one (see returnValue()) or an (unchanged) argument (see returnArgument()), you can use returnCallback() to have the stubbed method return the result of a callback function or method. See Example 9.7 for an example.

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class StubTest extends TestCase
{
    public function testReturnCallbackStub()
    {
        // Create a stub for the SomeClass class.
        $stub = $this->createMock(SomeClass::class);

        // Configure the stub.
        $stub->method('doSomething')
             ->will($this->returnCallback('str_rot13'));

        // $stub->doSomething($argument) returns str_rot13($argument)
        $this->assertEquals('fbzrguvat', $stub->doSomething('something'));
    }
}
?>

A simpler alternative to setting up a callback method may be to specify a list of desired return values. You can do this with the onConsecutiveCalls() method. See Example 9.8 for an example.

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class StubTest extends TestCase
{
    public function testOnConsecutiveCallsStub()
    {
        // Create a stub for the SomeClass class.
        $stub = $this->createMock(SomeClass::class);

        // Configure the stub.
        $stub->method('doSomething')
             ->will($this->onConsecutiveCalls(2, 3, 5, 7));

        // $stub->doSomething() returns a different value each time
        $this->assertEquals(2, $stub->doSomething());
        $this->assertEquals(3, $stub->doSomething());
        $this->assertEquals(5, $stub->doSomething());
    }
}
?>

Instead of returning a value, a stubbed method can also raise an exception. Example 9.9 shows how to use throwException() to do this.

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class StubTest extends TestCase
{
    public function testThrowExceptionStub()
    {
        // Create a stub for the SomeClass class.
        $stub = $this->createMock(SomeClass::class);

        // Configure the stub.
        $stub->method('doSomething')
             ->will($this->throwException(new Exception));

        // $stub->doSomething() throws Exception
        $stub->doSomething();
    }
}
?>

Alternatively, you can write the stub yourself and improve your design along the way. Widely used resources are accessed through a single façade, so you can easily replace the resource with the stub. For example, instead of having direct database calls scattered throughout the code, you have a single Database object, an implementor of the IDatabase interface. Then, you can create a stub implementation of IDatabase and use it for your tests. You can even create an option for running the tests with the stub database or the real database, so you can use your tests for both local testing during development and integration testing with the real database.

Functionality that needs to be stubbed out tends to cluster in the same object, improving cohesion. By presenting the functionality with a single, coherent interface you reduce the coupling with the rest of the system.

The practice of replacing an object with a test double that verifies expectations, for instance asserting that a method has been called, is referred to as mocking.

You can use a mock object "as an observation point that is used to verify the indirect outputs of the SUT as it is exercised. Typically, the mock object also includes the functionality of a test stub in that it must return values to the SUT if it hasn't already failed the tests but the emphasis is on the verification of the indirect outputs. Therefore, a mock object is a lot more than just a test stub plus assertions; it is used in a fundamentally different way" (Gerard Meszaros).

Here is an example: suppose we want to test that the correct method, update() in our example, is called on an object that observes another object. Example 9.10 shows the code for the Subject and Observer classes that are part of the System under Test (SUT).

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class Subject
{
    protected $observers = [];
    protected $name;

    public function __construct($name)
    {
        $this->name = $name;
    }

    public function getName()
    {
        return $this->name;
    }

    public function attach(Observer $observer)
    {
        $this->observers[] = $observer;
    }

    public function doSomething()
    {
        // Do something.
        // ...

        // Notify observers that we did something.
        $this->notify('something');
    }

    public function doSomethingBad()
    {
        foreach ($this->observers as $observer) {
            $observer->reportError(42, 'Something bad happened', $this);
        }
    }

    protected function notify($argument)
    {
        foreach ($this->observers as $observer) {
            $observer->update($argument);
        }
    }

    // Other methods.
}

class Observer
{
    public function update($argument)
    {
        // Do something.
    }

    public function reportError($errorCode, $errorMessage, Subject $subject)
    {
        // Do something
    }

    // Other methods.
}
?>

Example 9.11 shows how to use a mock object to test the interaction between Subject and Observer objects.

We first use the getMockBuilder() method that is provided by the PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase class to set up a mock object for the Observer. Since we give an array as the second (optional) parameter for the getMock() method, only the update() method of the Observer class is replaced by a mock implementation.

Because we are interested in verifying that a method is called, and which arguments it is called with, we introduce the expects() and with() methods to specify how this interaction should look.

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class SubjectTest extends TestCase
{
    public function testObserversAreUpdated()
    {
        // Create a mock for the Observer class,
        // only mock the update() method.
        $observer = $this->getMockBuilder(Observer::class)
                         ->setMethods(['update'])
                         ->getMock();

        // Set up the expectation for the update() method
        // to be called only once and with the string 'something'
        // as its parameter.
        $observer->expects($this->once())
                 ->method('update')
                 ->with($this->equalTo('something'));

        // Create a Subject object and attach the mocked
        // Observer object to it.
        $subject = new Subject('My subject');
        $subject->attach($observer);

        // Call the doSomething() method on the $subject object
        // which we expect to call the mocked Observer object's
        // update() method with the string 'something'.
        $subject->doSomething();
    }
}
?>

The with() method can take any number of arguments, corresponding to the number of arguments to the method being mocked. You can specify more advanced constraints on the method's arguments than a simple match.

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class SubjectTest extends TestCase
{
    public function testErrorReported()
    {
        // Create a mock for the Observer class, mocking the
        // reportError() method
        $observer = $this->getMockBuilder(Observer::class)
                         ->setMethods(['reportError'])
                         ->getMock();

        $observer->expects($this->once())
                 ->method('reportError')
                 ->with(
                       $this->greaterThan(0),
                       $this->stringContains('Something'),
                       $this->anything()
                   );

        $subject = new Subject('My subject');
        $subject->attach($observer);

        // The doSomethingBad() method should report an error to the observer
        // via the reportError() method
        $subject->doSomethingBad();
    }
}
?>

The withConsecutive() method can take any number of arrays of arguments, depending on the calls you want to test against. Each array is a list of constraints corresponding to the arguments of the method being mocked, like in with().

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class FooTest extends TestCase
{
    public function testFunctionCalledTwoTimesWithSpecificArguments()
    {
        $mock = $this->getMockBuilder(stdClass::class)
                     ->setMethods(['set'])
                     ->getMock();

        $mock->expects($this->exactly(2))
             ->method('set')
             ->withConsecutive(
                 [$this->equalTo('foo'), $this->greaterThan(0)],
                 [$this->equalTo('bar'), $this->greaterThan(0)]
             );

        $mock->set('foo', 21);
        $mock->set('bar', 48);
    }
}
?>

The callback() constraint can be used for more complex argument verification. This constraint takes a PHP callback as its only argument. The PHP callback will receive the argument to be verified as its only argument and should return true if the argument passes verification and false otherwise.

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class SubjectTest extends TestCase
{
    public function testErrorReported()
    {
        // Create a mock for the Observer class, mocking the
        // reportError() method
        $observer = $this->getMockBuilder(Observer::class)
                         ->setMethods(['reportError'])
                         ->getMock();

        $observer->expects($this->once())
                 ->method('reportError')
                 ->with($this->greaterThan(0),
                        $this->stringContains('Something'),
                        $this->callback(function($subject){
                          return is_callable([$subject, 'getName']) &&
                                 $subject->getName() == 'My subject';
                        }));

        $subject = new Subject('My subject');
        $subject->attach($observer);

        // The doSomethingBad() method should report an error to the observer
        // via the reportError() method
        $subject->doSomethingBad();
    }
}
?>

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class FooTest extends TestCase
{
    public function testIdenticalObjectPassed()
    {
        $expectedObject = new stdClass;

        $mock = $this->getMockBuilder(stdClass::class)
                     ->setMethods(['foo'])
                     ->getMock();

        $mock->expects($this->once())
             ->method('foo')
             ->with($this->identicalTo($expectedObject));

        $mock->foo($expectedObject);
    }
}
?>

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class FooTest extends TestCase
{
    public function testIdenticalObjectPassed()
    {
        $cloneArguments = true;

        $mock = $this->getMockBuilder(stdClass::class)
                     ->enableArgumentCloning()
                     ->getMock();

        // now your mock clones parameters so the identicalTo constraint
        // will fail.
    }
}
?>

Table A.1 shows the constraints that can be applied to method arguments and Table 9.1 shows the matchers that are available to specify the number of invocations.

As mentioned in the beginning, when the defaults used by the createMock() method to generate the test double do not match your needs then you can use the getMockBuilder($type) method to customize the test double generation using a fluent interface. Here is a list of methods provided by the Mock Builder:

Prophecy is a "highly opinionated yet very powerful and flexible PHP object mocking framework. Though initially it was created to fulfil phpspec2 needs, it is flexible enough to be used inside any testing framework out there with minimal effort".

PHPUnit has built-in support for using Prophecy to create test doubles. Example 9.17 shows how the same test shown in Example 9.11 can be expressed using Prophecy's philosophy of prophecies and revelations:

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class SubjectTest extends TestCase
{
    public function testObserversAreUpdated()
    {
        $subject = new Subject('My subject');

        // Create a prophecy for the Observer class.
        $observer = $this->prophesize(Observer::class);

        // Set up the expectation for the update() method
        // to be called only once and with the string 'something'
        // as its parameter.
        $observer->update('something')->shouldBeCalled();

        // Reveal the prophecy and attach the mock object
        // to the Subject.
        $subject->attach($observer->reveal());

        // Call the doSomething() method on the $subject object
        // which we expect to call the mocked Observer object's
        // update() method with the string 'something'.
        $subject->doSomething();
    }
}
?>

Please refer to the documentation for Prophecy for further details on how to create, configure, and use stubs, spies, and mocks using this alternative test double framework.

The getMockForTrait() method returns a mock object that uses a specified trait. All abstract methods of the given trait are mocked. This allows for testing the concrete methods of a trait.

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

trait AbstractTrait
{
    public function concreteMethod()
    {
        return $this->abstractMethod();
    }

    public abstract function abstractMethod();
}

class TraitClassTest extends TestCase
{
    public function testConcreteMethod()
    {
        $mock = $this->getMockForTrait(AbstractTrait::class);

        $mock->expects($this->any())
             ->method('abstractMethod')
             ->will($this->returnValue(true));

        $this->assertTrue($mock->concreteMethod());
    }
}
?>

The getMockForAbstractClass() method returns a mock object for an abstract class. All abstract methods of the given abstract class are mocked. This allows for testing the concrete methods of an abstract class.

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

abstract class AbstractClass
{
    public function concreteMethod()
    {
        return $this->abstractMethod();
    }

    public abstract function abstractMethod();
}

class AbstractClassTest extends TestCase
{
    public function testConcreteMethod()
    {
        $stub = $this->getMockForAbstractClass(AbstractClass::class);

        $stub->expects($this->any())
             ->method('abstractMethod')
             ->will($this->returnValue(true));

        $this->assertTrue($stub->concreteMethod());
    }
}
?>

When your application interacts with a web service you want to test it without actually interacting with the web service. To make the stubbing and mocking of web services easy, the getMockFromWsdl() can be used just like getMock() (see above). The only difference is that getMockFromWsdl() returns a stub or mock based on a web service description in WSDL and getMock() returns a stub or mock based on a PHP class or interface.

Example 9.20 shows how getMockFromWsdl() can be used to stub, for example, the web service described in GoogleSearch.wsdl.

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class GoogleTest extends TestCase
{
    public function testSearch()
    {
        $googleSearch = $this->getMockFromWsdl(
          'GoogleSearch.wsdl', 'GoogleSearch'
        );

        $directoryCategory = new stdClass;
        $directoryCategory->fullViewableName = '';
        $directoryCategory->specialEncoding = '';

        $element = new stdClass;
        $element->summary = '';
        $element->URL = 'https://phpunit.de/';
        $element->snippet = '...';
        $element->title = '<b>PHPUnit</b>';
        $element->cachedSize = '11k';
        $element->relatedInformationPresent = true;
        $element->hostName = 'phpunit.de';
        $element->directoryCategory = $directoryCategory;
        $element->directoryTitle = '';

        $result = new stdClass;
        $result->documentFiltering = false;
        $result->searchComments = '';
        $result->estimatedTotalResultsCount = 3.9000;
        $result->estimateIsExact = false;
        $result->resultElements = [$element];
        $result->searchQuery = 'PHPUnit';
        $result->startIndex = 1;
        $result->endIndex = 1;
        $result->searchTips = '';
        $result->directoryCategories = [];
        $result->searchTime = 0.248822;

        $googleSearch->expects($this->any())
                     ->method('doGoogleSearch')
                     ->will($this->returnValue($result));

        /**
         * $googleSearch->doGoogleSearch() will now return a stubbed result and
         * the web service's doGoogleSearch() method will not be invoked.
         */
        $this->assertEquals(
          $result,
          $googleSearch->doGoogleSearch(
            '00000000000000000000000000000000',
            'PHPUnit',
            0,
            1,
            false,
            '',
            false,
            '',
            '',
            ''
          )
        );
    }
}
?>

vfsStream is a stream wrapper for a virtual filesystem that may be helpful in unit tests to mock the real filesystem.

Simply add a dependency on mikey179/vfsStream to your project's composer.json file if you use Composer to manage the dependencies of your project. Here is a minimal example of a composer.json file that just defines a development-time dependency on PHPUnit 4.6 and vfsStream:

{
    "require-dev": {
        "phpunit/phpunit": "~4.6",
        "mikey179/vfsStream": "~1"
    }
}

Example 9.21 shows a class that interacts with the filesystem.

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class Example
{
    protected $id;
    protected $directory;

    public function __construct($id)
    {
        $this->id = $id;
    }

    public function setDirectory($directory)
    {
        $this->directory = $directory . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $this->id;

        if (!file_exists($this->directory)) {
            mkdir($this->directory, 0700, true);
        }
    }
}?>

Without a virtual filesystem such as vfsStream we cannot test the setDirectory() method in isolation from external influence (see Example 9.22).

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class ExampleTest extends TestCase
{
    protected function setUp()
    {
        if (file_exists(dirname(__FILE__) . '/id')) {
            rmdir(dirname(__FILE__) . '/id');
        }
    }

    public function testDirectoryIsCreated()
    {
        $example = new Example('id');
        $this->assertFalse(file_exists(dirname(__FILE__) . '/id'));

        $example->setDirectory(dirname(__FILE__));
        $this->assertTrue(file_exists(dirname(__FILE__) . '/id'));
    }

    protected function tearDown()
    {
        if (file_exists(dirname(__FILE__) . '/id')) {
            rmdir(dirname(__FILE__) . '/id');
        }
    }
}
?>

The approach above has several drawbacks:

Example 9.23 shows how vfsStream can be used to mock the filesystem in a test for a class that interacts with the filesystem.

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class ExampleTest extends TestCase
{
    public function setUp()
    {
        vfsStreamWrapper::register();
        vfsStreamWrapper::setRoot(new vfsStreamDirectory('exampleDir'));
    }

    public function testDirectoryIsCreated()
    {
        $example = new Example('id');
        $this->assertFalse(vfsStreamWrapper::getRoot()->hasChild('id'));

        $example->setDirectory(vfsStream::url('exampleDir'));
        $this->assertTrue(vfsStreamWrapper::getRoot()->hasChild('id'));
    }
}
?>

This has several advantages:

When you need to make a change to the internal structure of the software you are working on to make it easier to understand and cheaper to modify without changing its observable behavior, a test suite is invaluable in applying these so called refactorings safely. Otherwise, you might not notice the system breaking while you are carrying out the restructuring.

The following conditions will help you to improve the code and design of your project, while using unit tests to verify that the refactoring's transformation steps are, indeed, behavior-preserving and do not introduce errors:

When you need to add new functionality to the system, write the tests first. Then, you will be done developing when the test runs. This practice will be discussed in detail in the next chapter.

When you get a defect report, your impulse might be to fix the defect as quickly as possible. Experience shows that this impulse will not serve you well; it is likely that the fix for the defect causes another defect.

You can hold your impulse in check by doing the following:

Finding the smallest reliable reproduction of the defect gives you the opportunity to really examine the cause of the defect. The test you write will improve the chances that when you fix the defect, you really fix it, because the new test reduces the likelihood of undoing the fix with future code changes. All the tests you wrote before reduce the likelihood of inadvertently causing a different problem.

Various software metrics exist to measure code coverage:

It is mandatory to configure a whitelist for telling PHPUnit which sourcecode files to include in the code coverage report. This can either be done using the --whitelist commandline option or via the configuration file (see the section called “Whitelisting Files for Code Coverage”).

Optionally, all whitelisted files can be added to the code coverage report by setting addUncoveredFilesFromWhitelist="true" in your PHPUnit configuration (see the section called “Whitelisting Files for Code Coverage”). This allows the inclusion of files that are not tested yet at all. If you want to get information about which lines of such an uncovered file are executable, for instance, you also need to set processUncoveredFilesFromWhitelist="true" in your PHPUnit configuration (see the section called “Whitelisting Files for Code Coverage”).

Sometimes you have blocks of code that you cannot test and that you may want to ignore during code coverage analysis. PHPUnit lets you do this using the @codeCoverageIgnore, @codeCoverageIgnoreStart and @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd annotations as shown in Example 11.1.

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

/**
 * @codeCoverageIgnore
 */
class Foo
{
    public function bar()
    {
    }
}

class Bar
{
    /**
     * @codeCoverageIgnore
     */
    public function foo()
    {
    }
}

if (false) {
    // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
    print '*';
    // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
}

exit; // @codeCoverageIgnore
?>

The ignored lines of code (marked as ignored using the annotations) are counted as executed (if they are executable) and will not be highlighted.

The @covers annotation (see Table B.1) can be used in the test code to specify which method(s) a test method wants to test. If provided, only the code coverage information for the specified method(s) will be considered. Example 11.2 shows an example.

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class BankAccountTest extends TestCase
{
    protected $ba;

    protected function setUp()
    {
        $this->ba = new BankAccount;
    }

    /**
     * @covers BankAccount::getBalance
     */
    public function testBalanceIsInitiallyZero()
    {
        $this->assertEquals(0, $this->ba->getBalance());
    }

    /**
     * @covers BankAccount::withdrawMoney
     */
    public function testBalanceCannotBecomeNegative()
    {
        try {
            $this->ba->withdrawMoney(1);
        }

        catch (BankAccountException $e) {
            $this->assertEquals(0, $this->ba->getBalance());

            return;
        }

        $this->fail();
    }

    /**
     * @covers BankAccount::depositMoney
     */
    public function testBalanceCannotBecomeNegative2()
    {
        try {
            $this->ba->depositMoney(-1);
        }

        catch (BankAccountException $e) {
            $this->assertEquals(0, $this->ba->getBalance());

            return;
        }

        $this->fail();
    }

    /**
     * @covers BankAccount::getBalance
     * @covers BankAccount::depositMoney
     * @covers BankAccount::withdrawMoney
     */
    public function testDepositWithdrawMoney()
    {
        $this->assertEquals(0, $this->ba->getBalance());
        $this->ba->depositMoney(1);
        $this->assertEquals(1, $this->ba->getBalance());
        $this->ba->withdrawMoney(1);
        $this->assertEquals(0, $this->ba->getBalance());
    }
}
?>

It is also possible to specify that a test should not cover any method by using the @coversNothing annotation (see the section called “@coversNothing”). This can be helpful when writing integration tests to make sure you only generate code coverage with unit tests.

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class GuestbookIntegrationTest extends PHPUnit_Extensions_Database_TestCase
{
    /**
     * @coversNothing
     */
    public function testAddEntry()
    {
        $guestbook = new Guestbook();
        $guestbook->addEntry("suzy", "Hello world!");

        $queryTable = $this->getConnection()->createQueryTable(
            'guestbook', 'SELECT * FROM guestbook'
        );

        $expectedTable = $this->createFlatXmlDataSet("expectedBook.xml")
                              ->getTable("guestbook");

        $this->assertTablesEqual($expectedTable, $queryTable);
    }
}
?>
      

This section shows noteworthy edge cases that lead to confusing code coverage information.

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

// Because it is "line based" and not statement base coverage
// one line will always have one coverage status
if (false) this_function_call_shows_up_as_covered();

// Due to how code coverage works internally these two lines are special.
// This line will show up as non executable
if (false)
    // This line will show up as covered because it is actually the 
    // coverage of the if statement in the line above that gets shown here!
    will_also_show_up_as_covered();

// To avoid this it is necessary that braces are used
if (false) {
    this_call_will_never_show_up_as_covered();
}
?>

Typically, in a project that is developed using an agile process, such as Extreme Programming, the documentation cannot keep up with the frequent changes to the project's design and code. Extreme Programming demands collective code ownership, so all developers need to know how the entire system works. If you are disciplined enough to consequently use "speaking names" for your tests that describe what a class should do, you can use PHPUnit's TestDox functionality to generate automated documentation for your project based on its tests. This documentation gives developers an overview of what each class of the project is supposed to do.

PHPUnit's TestDox functionality looks at a test class and all the test method names and converts them from camel case PHP names to sentences: testBalanceIsInitiallyZero() becomes "Balance is initially zero". If there are several test methods whose names only differ in a suffix of one or more digits, such as testBalanceCannotBecomeNegative() and testBalanceCannotBecomeNegative2(), the sentence "Balance cannot become negative" will appear only once, assuming that all of these tests succeed.

Let us take a look at the agile documentation generated for a BankAccount class:

phpunit --testdox BankAccountTest
PHPUnit 6.1.0 by Sebastian Bergmann and contributors.

BankAccount
 [x] Balance is initially zero
 [x] Balance cannot become negative

Alternatively, the agile documentation can be generated in HTML or plain text format and written to a file using the --testdox-html and --testdox-text arguments.

Agile Documentation can be used to document the assumptions you make about the external packages that you use in your project. When you use an external package, you are exposed to the risks that the package will not behave as you expect, and that future versions of the package will change in subtle ways that will break your code, without you knowing it. You can address these risks by writing a test every time you make an assumption. If your test succeeds, your assumption is valid. If you document all your assumptions with tests, future releases of the external package will be no cause for concern: if the tests succeed, your system should continue working.

When you document assumptions with tests, you own the tests. The supplier of the package -- who you make assumptions about -- knows nothing about your tests. If you want to have a closer relationship with the supplier of a package, you can use the tests to communicate and coordinate your activities.

When you agree on coordinating your activities with the supplier of a package, you can write the tests together. Do this in such a way that the tests reveal as many assumptions as possible. Hidden assumptions are the death of cooperation. With the tests, you document exactly what you expect from the supplied package. The supplier will know the package is complete when all the tests run.

By using stubs (see the chapter on "Mock Objects", earlier in this book), you can further decouple yourself from the supplier: The job of the supplier is to make the tests run with the real implementation of the package. Your job is to make the tests run for your own code. Until such time as you have the real implementation of the supplied package, you use stub objects. Following this approach, the two teams can develop independently.

The XML logfile for test results produced by PHPUnit is based upon the one used by the JUnit task for Apache Ant. The following example shows the XML logfile generated for the tests in ArrayTest:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<testsuites>
  <testsuite name="ArrayTest"
             file="/home/sb/ArrayTest.php"
             tests="2"
             assertions="2"
             failures="0"
             errors="0"
             time="0.016030">
    <testcase name="testNewArrayIsEmpty"
              class="ArrayTest"
              file="/home/sb/ArrayTest.php"
              line="6"
              assertions="1"
              time="0.008044"/>
    <testcase name="testArrayContainsAnElement"
              class="ArrayTest"
              file="/home/sb/ArrayTest.php"
              line="15"
              assertions="1"
              time="0.007986"/>
  </testsuite>
</testsuites>

The following XML logfile was generated for two tests, testFailure and testError, of a test case class named FailureErrorTest and shows how failures and errors are denoted.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<testsuites>
  <testsuite name="FailureErrorTest"
             file="/home/sb/FailureErrorTest.php"
             tests="2"
             assertions="1"
             failures="1"
             errors="1"
             time="0.019744">
    <testcase name="testFailure"
              class="FailureErrorTest"
              file="/home/sb/FailureErrorTest.php"
              line="6"
              assertions="1"
              time="0.011456">
      <failure type="PHPUnit_Framework_ExpectationFailedException">
testFailure(FailureErrorTest)
Failed asserting that &lt;integer:2&gt; matches expected value &lt;integer:1&gt;.

/home/sb/FailureErrorTest.php:8
</failure>
    </testcase>
    <testcase name="testError"
              class="FailureErrorTest"
              file="/home/sb/FailureErrorTest.php"
              line="11"
              assertions="0"
              time="0.008288">
      <error type="Exception">testError(FailureErrorTest)
Exception:

/home/sb/FailureErrorTest.php:13
</error>
    </testcase>
  </testsuite>
</testsuites>

The XML format for code coverage information logging produced by PHPUnit is loosely based upon the one used by Clover. The following example shows the XML logfile generated for the tests in BankAccountTest:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<coverage generated="1184835473" phpunit="3.6.0">
  <project name="BankAccountTest" timestamp="1184835473">
    <file name="/home/sb/BankAccount.php">
      <class name="BankAccountException">
        <metrics methods="0" coveredmethods="0" statements="0"
                 coveredstatements="0" elements="0" coveredelements="0"/>
      </class>
      <class name="BankAccount">
        <metrics methods="4" coveredmethods="4" statements="13"
                 coveredstatements="5" elements="17" coveredelements="9"/>
      </class>
      <line num="77" type="method" count="3"/>
      <line num="79" type="stmt" count="3"/>
      <line num="89" type="method" count="2"/>
      <line num="91" type="stmt" count="2"/>
      <line num="92" type="stmt" count="0"/>
      <line num="93" type="stmt" count="0"/>
      <line num="94" type="stmt" count="2"/>
      <line num="96" type="stmt" count="0"/>
      <line num="105" type="method" count="1"/>
      <line num="107" type="stmt" count="1"/>
      <line num="109" type="stmt" count="0"/>
      <line num="119" type="method" count="1"/>
      <line num="121" type="stmt" count="1"/>
      <line num="123" type="stmt" count="0"/>
      <metrics loc="126" ncloc="37" classes="2" methods="4" coveredmethods="4"
               statements="13" coveredstatements="5" elements="17"
               coveredelements="9"/>
    </file>
    <metrics files="1" loc="126" ncloc="37" classes="2" methods="4"
             coveredmethods="4" statements="13" coveredstatements="5"
             elements="17" coveredelements="9"/>
  </project>
</coverage>

Human readable code coverage output for the command-line or a text file. The aim of this output format is to provide a quick coverage overview while working on a small set of classes. For bigger projects this output can be useful to get an quick overview of the projects coverage or when used with the --filter functionality. When used from the command-line by writing to php://stdout this will honor the --colors setting. Writing to standard out is the default option when used from the command-line. By default this will only show files that have at least one covered line. This can only be changed via the showUncoveredFiles xml configuration option. See the section called “Logging”. By default all files and their coverage status are shown in the detailed report. This can be changed via the showOnlySummary xml configuration option.

Write custom assertions and utility methods in an abstract subclass of PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase and derive your test case classes from that class. This is one of the easiest ways to extend PHPUnit.

When writing custom assertions it is the best practice to follow how PHPUnit's own assertions are implemented. As you can see in Example 14.1, the assertTrue() method is just a wrapper around the isTrue() and assertThat() methods: isTrue() creates a matcher object that is passed on to assertThat() for evaluation.

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

abstract class PHPUnit_Framework_Assert
{
    // ...

    /**
     * Asserts that a condition is true.
     *
     * @param  boolean $condition
     * @param  string  $message
     * @throws PHPUnit_Framework_AssertionFailedError
     */
    public static function assertTrue($condition, $message = '')
    {
        self::assertThat($condition, self::isTrue(), $message);
    }

    // ...

    /**
     * Returns a PHPUnit_Framework_Constraint_IsTrue matcher object.
     *
     * @return PHPUnit_Framework_Constraint_IsTrue
     * @since  Method available since Release 3.3.0
     */
    public static function isTrue()
    {
        return new PHPUnit_Framework_Constraint_IsTrue;
    }

    // ...
}?>

Example 14.2 shows how PHPUnit_Framework_Constraint_IsTrue extends the abstract base class for matcher objects (or constraints), PHPUnit_Framework_Constraint.

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class PHPUnit_Framework_Constraint_IsTrue extends PHPUnit_Framework_Constraint
{
    /**
     * Evaluates the constraint for parameter $other. Returns true if the
     * constraint is met, false otherwise.
     *
     * @param mixed $other Value or object to evaluate.
     * @return bool
     */
    public function matches($other)
    {
        return $other === true;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a string representation of the constraint.
     *
     * @return string
     */
    public function toString()
    {
        return 'is true';
    }
}?>

The effort of implementing the assertTrue() and isTrue() methods as well as the PHPUnit_Framework_Constraint_IsTrue class yields the benefit that assertThat() automatically takes care of evaluating the assertion and bookkeeping tasks such as counting it for statistics. Furthermore, the isTrue() method can be used as a matcher when configuring mock objects.

Example 14.3 shows a simple implementation of the PHPUnit_Framework_TestListener interface.

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class SimpleTestListener implements PHPUnit_Framework_TestListener
{
    public function addError(PHPUnit_Framework_Test $test, Exception $e, $time)
    {
        printf("Error while running test '%s'.\n", $test->getName());
    }

    public function addFailure(PHPUnit_Framework_Test $test, PHPUnit_Framework_AssertionFailedError $e, $time)
    {
        printf("Test '%s' failed.\n", $test->getName());
    }

    public function addIncompleteTest(PHPUnit_Framework_Test $test, Exception $e, $time)
    {
        printf("Test '%s' is incomplete.\n", $test->getName());
    }

    public function addRiskyTest(PHPUnit_Framework_Test $test, Exception $e, $time)
    {
        printf("Test '%s' is deemed risky.\n", $test->getName());
    }

    public function addSkippedTest(PHPUnit_Framework_Test $test, Exception $e, $time)
    {
        printf("Test '%s' has been skipped.\n", $test->getName());
    }

    public function startTest(PHPUnit_Framework_Test $test)
    {
        printf("Test '%s' started.\n", $test->getName());
    }

    public function endTest(PHPUnit_Framework_Test $test, $time)
    {
        printf("Test '%s' ended.\n", $test->getName());
    }

    public function startTestSuite(PHPUnit_Framework_TestSuite $suite)
    {
        printf("TestSuite '%s' started.\n", $suite->getName());
    }

    public function endTestSuite(PHPUnit_Framework_TestSuite $suite)
    {
        printf("TestSuite '%s' ended.\n", $suite->getName());
    }
}
?>

Example 14.4 shows how to subclass the PHPUnit_Framework_BaseTestListener abstract class, which lets you specify only the interface methods that are interesting for your use case, while providing empty implementations for all the others.

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class ShortTestListener extends PHPUnit_Framework_BaseTestListener
{
    public function endTest(PHPUnit_Framework_Test $test, $time)
    {
        printf("Test '%s' ended.\n", $test->getName());
    }
}
?>

In the section called “Test Listeners” you can see how to configure PHPUnit to attach your test listener to the test execution.

You can wrap test cases or test suites in a subclass of PHPUnit_Extensions_TestDecorator and use the Decorator design pattern to perform some actions before and after the test runs.

PHPUnit ships with one concrete test decorator: PHPUnit_Extensions_RepeatedTest. It is used to run a test repeatedly and only count it as a success if all iterations are successful.

Example 14.5 shows a cut-down version of the PHPUnit_Extensions_RepeatedTest test decorator that illustrates how to write your own test decorators.

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

require_once 'PHPUnit/Extensions/TestDecorator.php';

class PHPUnit_Extensions_RepeatedTest extends PHPUnit_Extensions_TestDecorator
{
    private $timesRepeat = 1;

    public function __construct(PHPUnit_Framework_Test $test, $timesRepeat = 1)
    {
        parent::__construct($test);

        if (is_integer($timesRepeat) &&
            $timesRepeat >= 0) {
            $this->timesRepeat = $timesRepeat;
        }
    }

    public function count()
    {
        return $this->timesRepeat * $this->test->count();
    }

    public function run(PHPUnit_Framework_TestResult $result = null)
    {
        if ($result === null) {
            $result = $this->createResult();
        }

        for ($i = 0; $i < $this->timesRepeat && !$result->shouldStop(); $i++) {
            $this->test->run($result);
        }

        return $result;
    }
}
?>

The PHPUnit_Framework_Test interface is narrow and easy to implement. You can write an implementation of PHPUnit_Framework_Test that is simpler than PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase and that runs data-driven tests, for instance.

Example 14.6 shows a data-driven test case class that compares values from a file with Comma-Separated Values (CSV). Each line of such a file looks like foo;bar, where the first value is the one we expect and the second value is the actual one.

<?php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class DataDrivenTest implements PHPUnit_Framework_Test
{
    private $lines;

    public function __construct($dataFile)
    {
        $this->lines = file($dataFile);
    }

    public function count()
    {
        return 1;
    }

    public function run(PHPUnit_Framework_TestResult $result = null)
    {
        if ($result === null) {
            $result = new PHPUnit_Framework_TestResult;
        }

        foreach ($this->lines as $line) {
            $result->startTest($this);
            PHP_Timer::start();
            $stopTime = null;

            list($expected, $actual) = explode(';', $line);

            try {
                PHPUnit_Framework_Assert::assertEquals(
                  trim($expected), trim($actual)
                );
            }

            catch (PHPUnit_Framework_AssertionFailedError $e) {
                $stopTime = PHP_Timer::stop();
                $result->addFailure($this, $e, $stopTime);
            }

            catch (Exception $e) {
                $stopTime = PHP_Timer::stop();
                $result->addError($this, $e, $stopTime);
            }

            if ($stopTime === null) {
                $stopTime = PHP_Timer::stop();
            }

            $result->endTest($this, $stopTime);
        }

        return $result;
    }
}

$test = new DataDrivenTest('data_file.csv');
$result = PHPUnit_TextUI_TestRunner::run($test);
?>

PHPUnit 6.1.0 by Sebastian Bergmann and contributors.

.F

Time: 0 seconds

There was 1 failure:

1) DataDrivenTest
Failed asserting that two strings are equal.
expected string <bar>
difference      <  x>
got string      <baz>
/home/sb/DataDrivenTest.php:32
/home/sb/DataDrivenTest.php:53

FAILURES!
Tests: 2, Failures: 1.